3. Imagine you are an amoeba… (unicellular organism) Oxygen Food Carbon Dioxide Water Waste materials Cell is able to exchange substances DIRECTLY with the environment. Diffusion is enough

4. Multi -cellular organism Is diffusion enough? Do you know how many cells do we have in our body? How to transport materials into and out of Mr Bean efficiently?

5. Adapted from http://farm1.static.flickr.com/107/291667041_e1e590124a.jpg?v=0 Who will need a transport system? Unicellular organism (e.g amoeba) Adapted from http://www.akalaty.com/akalaty/wp-content/uploads/2007/05/extra-big-fat-cartoon.jpg Multi-cellular organism (e.g humans) Cells are too far from external environment. Organism needs transport system to ensure efficient exchange of substances. Organism does not need transport system. Cell is able to exchange substances directly with the environment.

9. Human Circulatory System

12. Circulatory System Blood Blood Vessels Heart

18. Organisation of Blood Vessels

20. Red Blood Cell White Blood Cell Platelets

21. ‹

22. Blood- A tissue fluid Composition of blood Plasma (Fluid) 55% Blood cells (corpuscles) 44% Platelets 1% Red blood cells White blood cells

23. Composition of blood

26. Transports substances such as: 1) Plasma proteins (fibrinogen,prothrombin and antibodies). 2) Dissolved mineral salts occurring as ions (Na+, +K,Ca2+, Cl-, hydrogencarbonates) . 3) Food substances (glucose, amino acids, fats, vitamins) 4) Excretory products (urea , uric acid,creatinine and CO 2 as hydrogencarbonate ions ) 5) Hormones (insulin, glucagon) 6) Blood cells (red and white blood cells) pale yellow liquid made up of 90% water and a mixture of dissolved substance Plasma Function Structure TB Pg 140

27. Plasma The amount of soluble proteins, mineral salts and glucose in the blood plasma are kept relatively constant  by the HOMEOSTASIS mechanism (Chapter 12) TB Pg 140

30. White blood cell

37. How the Red blood cells transport O 2

41. Functions of Blood As blood passes through oxygen-poor tissues, oxyhaemoglobin releases its oxygen . Oxygen then diffuses in solution into tissue cells. Body Tissues Red Blood Cell

42. The oxygen shuttle

43. Adapted from http://www.3dscience.com/img/Products/Images/clip_art/respiratory_alveoli_web.jpg Adapted fromhttp://www1.bellevuepublicschools.org/curriculum/k6web/fifthgrade/bodysys/alveoli2.jpg Alveoli in lungs Deoxygenated blood is brought back to the lungs through pulmonary arteries. Oxygenated blood is brought out of the lungs through pulmonary veins. Transport function Pulmonary artery Pulmonary vein

44. Adapted from http://www.3dscience.com/img/Products/Images/clip_art/respiratory_alveoli_web.jpg Adapted fromhttp://www1.bellevuepublicschools.org/curriculum/k6web/fifthgrade/bodysys/alveoli2.jpg Alveoli in lungs Oxygen diffuses from the alveoli (higher concentration of oxygen) to blood capillaries (lower concentration of oxygen), down a concentration gradient. Carbon dioxide diffuses from the blood capillaries (higher concentration of oxygen) to alveoli (lower concentration of oxygen). Transport function Pulmonary artery Pulmonary vein O 2 O 2 O 2 O 2 O 2 O 2

45. Adapted from http://www.3dscience.com/img/Products/Images/clip_art/respiratory_alveoli_web.jpg Adapted fromhttp://www1.bellevuepublicschools.org/curriculum/k6web/fifthgrade/bodysys/alveoli2.jpg Alveoli in lungs Oxygen diffuses from the alveoli (higher concentration of oxygen) to blood capillaries (lower concentration of oxygen), down a concentration gradient. Carbon dioxide diffuses from the blood capillaries (higher concentration of oxygen) to alveoli (lower concentration of oxygen). Transport function Pulmonary artery Pulmonary vein CO 2 CO 2 CO 2 CO 2 CO 2 CO 2

46. Carbon Monoxide = Carboxyhaemoglobin formation Carbon Monoxide Poisoning

49. Transport function How is a molecule of oxygen being transported from lungs to the liver cell? As RBC moves through the capillaries in the lungs, oxygen diffuses from the alveoli (higher concentration) into RBC (lower concentration). Haemoglobin in RBC binds with oxygen to form oxyhaemoglobin . Blood transports oxyhaemoglobin to all tissues in the body. Oxyhaemoglobin releases its oxygen to tissues containing very little oxygen by diffusion. Rearrange! 1 2 3 4

55. Protective function Phagocytosis Antibody production Blood Clotting/Coagulation By platelets By phagocytes By lymphocytes

56. Protective function Blood Clotting 2) Damaged tissues and blood platelets release thrombokinase (enzyme). 4) In the presence of calcium ions , thrombokinase catalyses conversion of inactive prothrombin to active thrombin (enzyme). 3) Thrombokinase neutralises action of heparin (anti-clotting substance in blood). 5) Thrombin catalyses conversion of soluble fibrinogen to insoluble fibrin threads . 6) Insoluble fibrin threads entangle blood cells. A clot and scab is formed. A yellow-ish liquid serum is left behind 1) Platelets adhere to the cut edges. Platelets release chemicals to attract more platelets. Formation of platelet plug prevents external bleeding. When blood vessels are damaged,

58. What if some microbes get into the wound?

62. * Hexa (Six-in-One) includes Diphtheria/Tetanus/Pertussis (DTaP) Haemophilus Influenza type B (Hib) Inactivated Polio (IPV) Hepatitis B ** Diphtheria/Pertussis/Tetanus (DTaP), Haemophilus Influenzae type B (Hib) & Polio (IPV) Vaccination : Injection of dead foreign bodies into humans to stimulate lymphocytes into secreting antibodies Adapted from http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_lm2JI7sGwYI/SZUGTvIT7RI/AAAAAAAAEkQ/14mCG1Y2RX0/s400/vaccination(5).jpg Age Vaccine At birth BCG (for tuberculosis) Hepatitis B - 1st dose 2 month *Hexa (Six-in-One) 4 months ** DTaP/ IPV/ Hib 6 months Hexa (Six-in-One) 12 months Hepatitis B Booster for children of Hepatitis B carrier mothers only 15 months MMR (Measles/Mumps/Rubella) 18 months DTaP/ IPV/ Hib - 1st booster 6 yearsDT 2nd booster Oral Sabin - 2nd booster (oral polio vaccine) 12 yearsDT 3rd booster Oral Sabin - 3rd booster MMR - 2nd dose

63. Amount of antibodies in blood 2 nd exposure to the same foreign bodies 1 st exposure to foreign bodies Graph (1 st exposure to foreign bodies): Lymphocytes respond to foreign bodies by producing antibodies. Graph (2 nd exposure to foreign bodies): - More antibodies - Response is faster

64. Protective function Phagocytosis Antibody production Blood Clotting What will happen when tissue or organ transplant occur?

65. Organ transplant or tissue rejection In 2002, Ms De Cruz became the first person in Singapore to receive an organ transplant from an unrelated living donor. "Taking medication every day has become ordinary...The only thing I'm fearful about is becoming immune to the anti-rejection drugs I'm on and the possibility of renal failure."